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The components of Exposure and Response Prevention for illness anxiety disorder is developing a list of fears from what makes a person least anxious to most anxious. Then there is facing the fear of being diagnosed with an illness, or not knowing if a person has an illness, yet resisting the urge to engage in behaviors that drive the anxiety, like checking symptoms online, or going to a doctor for unnecessary medical tests. Finally there is imaginal exposure and bibliotherapy.

Rumination Disorder is defined by the DSM-5-TR as “Repeated regurgitation of food over a period of at least one month. Regurgitated food may be re-chewed, re-swallowed, or spit out.”. (p. 374) Simply, a person brings food back up after swallowing it, then re-chew, re-swallow, or spit out the food afterwards.

The typical client characteristics of Encopresis include embarrassment, a child becoming angry, anxious or withdrawn. A child may try to hide the feces, and behavior problems may increase due to parental anger and rejection toward the child. (Reichenberg & Seligman, 2016, p. 343).

References:

American Psychiatric Association (2022). Diagnostic and statistical manual for mental disorders. (5th ed.). (DSM-5-TR). Washington, DC: Author.

Reichenberg, L. W., & Seligman, L. (2016). Selecting Effective Treatments: A Comprehensive, Systematic Guide to Treating Mental Disorders. John Wiley & Sons.